Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the pass

Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage？

A．The behavior. of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.

B．People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics.

C．Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.

D．The behavior. of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.